Chapter Practice

QuestionAnswerthe trend towards spherewide markets makes it easier to predict where competitors will spring up. reliable or put on? misguidedbeca implement many countries atomic number 18 puting in countries other than their own, each country is becoming more autonomous and independent. professedly up or assumed? mendaciousan proceeds of world-wide expansion is that contention within overseas countries is generally very similar to that of the US. true or false?falseIn michael porters brutalball field of war-ridden advantage there ar 4 broad attributes that, as a system, constitute a nations warringness in an industry. true or false?truethe f executeor endowments of a country be inherited and understructurenot be created. true or false?falsewith regard to factor conditions the pool of resources that a theatre has is lots more important than the speed and efficiency with which these resources argon deployed. true or false?false hireing domestic consumers tend to pu sh firms to blend ahead of companies in other countries where consumers are less demanding and more complacent. true or false?truehigh levels of environmental awareness in Denmark have light-emitting diode to a decline in Denmarks industrial competitiveness in the world-wide marketplace. true or false?falsecountries with a strong supplier base benefit by adding efficiency to upstream activities. true or false?truetypically, intense rivalry in domestic markets does not force firms to forecast outside their national boundaries for new markets. true or false?falsemany transnational firms are increasing their efforts to market their harvest-times and services to countries such as India and china as the ranks of their middle class continue to increase. true or false?true worldwide expansion can extend the disembodied spirit cycle of a mathematical product that is in its maturity stage in a firms home country. true or false?truean advantage of international expansion is that it ca n change a firm to optimize the stance of every activity in its prize chain. true or false?truethe laws, and the enforcement of laws, associated with the protection of intellectual spot rights, represent a significant currency and management risk to transnational firms. true or false?falsedifferences in outside(prenominal) markets such as culture, language, and customs can represent significant management risks when firms enter foreign markets. true or false?true murdershoring takes place when a firm decides to put forward an activity that they were previously performing in a domestic reparation to a foreign location. true or false?true2 opposing pressure levels that managers salute when they make out in foreign markets are cost reduction and adaption to local anaesthetic markets. true or false?truetheodore levitt has argued that people around the world are willing to sacrifice preferences in product features, functions, and design if they are protracted disgrace impai rments and high quality. true or false?trueamong theordore levitts assumptions that would favor a planetary strategy is that consumers around the world are becoming less price sensitive. true or false?falsewithin a worldwide market, the close to hard-hitting strategies are neither purely multidomestic nor purely spherical. true or false?trueindustries in which proportionally more apprize is added in upstream activities are more likely to benefit from a globular strategy than those in which more value is added downstream. true or false?truein a spherical strategy a firm operates all its businesses under a iodine common strategy regardless of location. true or false?truea multidomestic strategy is the most appropriate strategy for international trading operations because it drives economies of surmount as far as possible and provides a middle of the road product appealing to the largest number of consumers in every market. t or f?fal personatehe need to attain economies of scale encourages multinational firms to operate under a multidomestic strategy. true or false?falsecorporations with multiple foreign operations that act very independently of one another are fol get-going a multidomestic strategy. true or false?truea multidomestic strategy would likely overwhelm the use of high volume, centralized production facilities to maximize economies of scale. true or false?falsea limitation of a multidomestic strategy is that it whitethorn locomote to overadaptation as conditions change. true or false?truemultinational firms fol showtimeing a transnational strategy puree to optimize the tradeoffs associated with efficiency, local adaptation, and learning. true or false?truea key article of belief of transnational strategy is improved adaptation to all competitive situations as well as flexibility by capitalizing on communication and noesis flows byout the system of rules. true or falsetrueaccording to studies by Rugman and Verbeke, most of the worl ds 500 firms are world(prenominal)- not regional or biregional. true or false?falsea dealership generally expires after a few years whereas a manifest is designed to last into perpetuity. true or false?falsetypically joint ventures occupy less chair and risk than franchising. true or false?falsetypically the ruff method of entry into a foreign market is the establishment of a wholly possess foreign subsidiary so that the parent organization can maintain a high level of control. true or false?falsea major trend in international developments include great international trade and operations, growing recognition of an international managerial perspective, a large increase in international investmentthe reasons that explain why whatsoever governments make better use of the inflows from foreign investment and know how than others includegovernmental practices that are business friendly, local entrepreneurs that can train workers and invest in modern technology, sound management of broader economic factors such as interest rates and inflationaccording to michael porters framework all of these factors affect a nations competitivenessfactor conditions, demand characteristics, related and supported industriesrivalry is intense in nations with conditions of ____ consumer demand, _____ supplier bases, and _____ new starter motor potential from related industriesstrong, strong, highaccording to michael porter, firms that have experienced intense domestic competition aremore likely to design strategies and structures that allow them to successfully compete abroad.all of these factors have made Indias software services industry extremely competitive on a orbicular scalelarge pool of skilled workers, large mesh of public and private educational institutions, large, growing market and sophisticated customersadvantages of global diversificationfirm not being solely dependent on domestic market, firm with large margins at home helping subsidize its operations in other nations, potential to lower cost of operation even if the base market is at homeoptimizing the location of every activity in the value chain can yield all of these strategic advantagesperformance enhancements, cost reduction, extending the life cycle of the product or serviceMicrosoft decided to establish a collective research laboratory in Cambridge, Englandto access the outstanding technical and victor talent available there so that they can attain world class excellence in selected value creating activitiesthe sale of boeings commercial aircraft and microsofts operational systems in many countries enable these companies to benefit fromeconomies of scaleMany US multinational companies set up maquiladora operations south of the US-Mexico border primarilyto take advantage of the low cost of laborappreciation of the US dollar will have this impact on McDonaldslower profits, because foreign profits will be reduced when measured in dollarsThis occurs when a firm decides to utilize other firms to perform value-creating activities that were previously performed in houseoutsourcingwhat is one of Theodore Levitts assumptions supporting a pure global strategy?MNCs can compete with aggressive pricing on low cost products that check the common needs of global consumerspressures to reduce costs require thata confederacy must pursue what is economically beneficial to the telephoner including maximizing economies of scale and learning curve effectsLow pressure for local adaptation have with low pressure for lower costs would suggest what type of strategy?internationalHigh pressure for local adaptation combined with low pressure for lower costs would suggest what type of international strategy?multidomesticSoftware Tech Inc. a phoner in the computer software industry, invests heavily in R&D and product design. Thus, most of its value is addedupstreamIndustries in which proportionally more value is added in _____ activities are more likely to benefit from a ______ strategy.upstream, globalWhat types of international firms are most likely to benefit from a global strategy as opposed to a multidomestic strategy?firms in industries that have much value added in research and design or manufacturingRecent trends that might racetrack to managers of multinational corporations to adopt a more decentralized strategy for their operations would includeconsumers are the world are increasingly willing to trade off idiosyncratic preferences in product features for lower price, flexible mftg trends have allowed a decline in the min volume required to reach unobjectionable levels of production efficiencyFirms following a global strategy strive to offer ______ products and services as well as locate manufacturing, R&D, and market activities in ______ locations.standardized, fewGilletes worldwide success with its Sensor razor demonstratesthat a global marketing effort can sometimes be successfulas in the shimmy of Siebel systems, elements of a global strat egy may facilitate the competitive advantage of differentiation bythe creation of a world wide network to strain consistent service regardless of location.risks associated with global strategyfirm with only one mfg location must export its product, geographic concentration of any activity may also tend to isolate that activity from the target market, concentrating an activity in a single location makes the firm dependent on that locationlimitations of global strategylimited ability to adapt to local markets, concentration of activities may increase dependence on single facility, single locations may lead to higher tariffs and transportation costsElements of a multidomestic strategy may facilitate the competitive advantage of cost leadership bydecreased shipping and transportation costs constitutional in local productionlimitations of a multidomestic strategyless ability to realize cost savings through scale economies, greater difficulty in transferring knowledge crossways countri es, may lead to overadpatation as conditions changehigh pressure for local adaptation combined with high pressure for lower costs would suggest what type of international strategy?transnationalUnits coordinate their activities with headquarters and one another, units adapt to special raft only the face, and the entire org draws upon relevant corporate resources. These are attributes oftransnational strategyWhat is a disadvantage of a transnational strategy?unique managerial challenges in fostering knowledge transferin order to realize the strongest competitive advantage, firms engaged in worldwide competition mustpursue a strategy that combines the uniformity of a global strategy and the particular(prenominal)ity of a multidomestic strategy in order to achieve optimal resultsAccording to studies by Rugman and Verbeke, approx how many of the worlds largest 500 firms are global, that is, they have at least 20% of their total revenues each in North America, Asia, and Europe?10What d escribes the most typical order of entry into foreign markets?exporting, licensing, franchising, joint venture, and wholly owned subsidiarya domestic corporation considering expanding into international markets for the first time will typicallyconsider implementing a low risk/low control strategy such as exportingThe form of entry strategy into operations that offers the lowest level of control would beexportingFees that a multinational receives from a foreign licensee in eliminate for its use of intellectual property are usually calledroyaltiesthe difference amid a franchise and licensing contract is thata franchise contract is more specific and longer in duration_________ entails the creation of a third party level-headed entity whereas _______ do not.joint ventures, strategic alliancesa business in which a multinational company owns 100% of the stockwholly owned subsidiaryThis is most appropriate where a firm already has the appropriate knowledge and capabilities that it can l everage rather easily through multiple locations in many countrieswholly owned subsidiaries

Research critique part 2 Essay

Quantitative Research CritiqueThis is a quantitative sketch research critique of the research domain conducted by Lisa M desolate PhD,RN,CNE, Tragedy into Policy A Quantitative Study of Nurses Attitudes Toward Patient protagonism Activities. The findings from this research battleground was used in the severalise of Nevada to cling to nurses when inform unsafe conditions in longanimous care practices, thus providing a safer pass environment where nurses can feel safe when speaking let out where forbearing safety is in jeopardy from unsafe care practices. Protection of military man ParticipantsThe benefits of this study were the creation of legal protection for whistleblowers in the state of Nevada. thither were no risks to any participants safety for this study. Informed consent was not call for as retuning the humpd survey was viewed as consent to be included. each(prenominal) participation in the study was viewed as voluntary. Approval of the survey legal instrument was obtained from the University of Nevada, Reno prior to beginning data collection. (Black, 2011, p. 29) data CollectionThe dependent variables in this study are the registered nurses licensed to practice in the state of Nevada the main(a) variable was the Registered Nurses Workplace Support for Patient Advocacy Activities Study Questionnaire.(Black, 2011, p. 29) Data was collected through the developed questionnaire that was sent to 1725 registered nurses with active, current licensure and residing in the state of Nevada at the sentence of the survey.(Black, 2011, p. 29) The author provided no rationale for using the chosen data collection method, I would assume that this was the most cost powerful and best way to maintain privacy for all respondents. The surveys were sent out using the United States Postal Service on September 8, 2008.(Black, 2011, p. 30) The respondents were asked to accomplish the survey by one of two methods, filling out, and returning the opus survey via US postal service or by completing it online. All responses were accepted through October 31, 2008. (Black, 2011, p. 30) After distribution of the questionnaire respondents were given the time period listed September 8, 2008 through October 31, 2008 to respond to the survey either scripted or online. (Black, 2011, p. 30) Data Management and AnalysisA priori power abstract was performed and established that a minimum sample of 405 respondents would be required to bring out a medium effect size.(Black, 2011, p. 29) In order to determine if the study sample was demographically representative of nurses in Nevada, the demographic data was compared to the data from the 2004 field of study Sample Survey of Registered Nurses from Nevada. (Black, 2011, p. 29) Reliability testing of the survey tool demonstrate a high degree of internal consistency. (Black, 2011, p. 30) No statistical software system was mentioned in this study.Other than the reliability testing performed, the survey results were calculated with a total of 564 reasoned responses collected this represented 33% response rate. (Black, 2011, p. 30) repartee number varied from item to item as most participants leave one or more items blank. (Black, 2011, p. 30) I felt this study was a reliable source of information concerning legislation protecting whistleblowers from oeuvre retaliation. correspond to the priori power analysis the minimum sample necessary of 405 respondents was required with 564 valid responses received the minimum sample size was met. (Black, 2011, p. 29)The limitations that are identified in this study were, the sample size was considered to be small, even with the randomly chosen sample there was a potential response bias, and due to the nurses who consume negative work environments may be more likely to complete the questionnaire than those with a more positive one. (Black, 2011, p. 33) This acquired the potential for inflated representation of the oftenness and severity of these experiences. (Black, 2011, p. 33) This is the reason for caution when applying the findings to nurses outside of this study. (Black, 2011, p. 33) The survey tool did not allow for differentiation of different types of unsafe situations or different levels of retaliation. (Black, 2011, p. 34) meter reading of survey questions may vary from one respondent to another.(Black, 2011, p. 34) This research study was presented in a logical easily understood manner with news report and definition of findings and limitations. The findings of this study to were used in the creation of a fair play protecting nurses reporting unsafe patient care practices in shrill care facilities and free standing offices and clinics in Nevada. The creation of this legislation helps create an environment for nurses to carry out their moral imperative to prevent defile to patients whenever possible and to report potential or actual causes of harm to protect patients.(Black, 2011, p. 35) There were no suggestions for future research. There was suggestion for changes in workplace environments encouraging openness in communication and especially in cases where patient safety is a concern. (Black, 2011, p. 35)

Mediterranean

The Mediterranean empires establish been influential powers for to the highest degree of the recorded history of humanity. They have inspired awe, fear and wonder, they were the first targets of Orientalism as a cultural phenomenon. The atomic number 99 was a constant threat and a constant lure to atomic number 63an civilization, capturing both lands and minds until the beginning of the 20th century.However, entirely things must come to an end, and so, overly, did the rule of the East, when the Ottoman Empire disbanded. Empires rose and flatten in front, however, each previous time, a new conglomerate of nations took the place of the demised star. by and by(prenominal) the Ottoman Empire, no Mediterranean successor rose to power instead, atomic number 63 took the empires place as hegemon, both in political power and in the power of ideas in kind of the logical succession.To represent why this is logical, we must examine the reasons for which imperialism had been so stro ng in the Mediterranean and why it finally fell. It is certainly more than mere political reasons, since in that location has been a succession of various empires. This is obviously a tendency that runs deeper, inwardly the various Mediterranean enculturations themselves. Empires fall when they grow too large, become too hard to control from one administrative center, become stagnant. What forces a goal or a number of cultures to spawn empires again and again?The Mediterranean, patronage all of its regional conflicts among itself, has always been a very united region. This consent is based upon an equality of the nation however, this equality was the equality of units, not of people. An singular in the Mediterranean has always been nothing next to the sweller cause, display case to exploitation to the point of destruction. Life was always nothing much primal in the Mediterranean much more important was the innovation general at the time and service to it.We can already see this concept in Rome, where a man was nevertheless as valuable as he was to civil society. Indeed, even religion was in service of the state, as Seneca noted Religion is regarded by the common people as true(a), by the wise as false, and by the rulers as useful. The situation, however, reached its apogee after the matter of Islam in the region, and the uniting of all consecutive empires under its banner.Islam which means ledger entry is perhaps the most deterministic religion in existence. Its dogma is that a human is less than nothing before the glory of tout ensembleah, limited by the very fact of organism a mere creation, absolutely powerless. Allah is a god that promises heaven for the Muslims, however, the Quran explicitly states, that Allah doesnt care how many globe are Muslim. If the people submit to His rule, they leave live, if they do not they will perish. Islamic theology is, naturally, much more complex and interesting, yet command lies at its core, with a lack of it punishable by death.This concept of an unthinking ruler with an iron first is absolutely amazing for the building of a despotic empire, where humans are resources to be harvested at best and obstacles to be removed at worst. The later political sympathies, based on religion, thus employ this concept extensively. A human of the region was totally powerless before the government, a piece of material and statistics at once. A particularly gushy example of this policy is Mehmed II Fatihs decree to officially vote down all the brothers of a sultan who has just ascended to the throne. The treatment of humans as resources allowed for the character of all Eastern empires with the bureaucratic class and the military being the most important classes, and the approach to power and life being rigorously utilitarian and power-oriented.Thus the question is why did the people of the region comply with this for so long? Why did they tolerate such an approach? root of all, livin g as a tool of an Empire is not quite so bad as it may sound. A prospering empire takes care of its people, though in a strange fashion and to a limited extent. One does not destroy ones resources one cultivates them. In an empire where eachthing is based on power and strength, the proper way of resources can be crucial to success, and thus, to survival. Also, such an empire is quite satisfactory to live in for a certain kind of people.Those of the region have always been warriors and for a soldier of fortune, no better form of cheek can exist. There are always plenty of opportunists in every region, enough people who are willing to advance their own perspectives at the expense of others lives. However, if in europium there is oftentimes reason for misunderstanding the cultural differences between countries are great, and the linguistic barrier, too, plays a role. In the Islamic world, there is one culture and one pock of customs, which allows for operation within a single p aradigm, giving greater path for both cooperation and treason. This united culture did much for the predatory nature of these great empires.The people who stimulated this culture ultimately regarded everyone who was not a thespian in it as a weakling. However, after the twentieth century, the disposition changed. The Europeans turn up their strength, and proved that a union of independent nations is quite capable of not only effective warfare, barely of political control. This approach, considered previously weaker, had defeated the east empires approach, and defeated it with such flair that the people of the Mediterranean doubted for the first time that their way was the more effective one. Power is proved in the consequences, and the consequences showed that Europe was stronger by far, not only in the military sense, but in the spirit as well.Not the Europe which had to buy its way to freedom, but the Europe which was able to aid or destroy the current empire, and after destr uction, capture it quickly enough in all senses, impose its culture and way of life. Europe proved that cooperation of individuals can do more than a mass of underlings, and that the cultivation of allies can do more than the festering of resources. Always ready to employ an effective tactic and learn from their enemies, the people which were once under the empires now attempt to work the way Europe has shown, as it seems more promising.However, between wars, Europe seems all too well-mannered and complacent. Its culture is not one to cater to the heart of a warrior. It seems only a matter of time before someone in the East decides that Europes approach is ineffective and reverts to the traditional ways of doing politics in the Mediterranean. It is my opinion that what we are seeing is not a true transformation, but rather, a transitional moment between empires. Granted, it has lasted almost a hundred years. Nonetheless, the situation even now seems to point to the possibility of the transposition of a new, improved by Western techniques, empire. It is not the end of Mediterranean history, but the beginning of a new era in it.References1. All Empires An Online Community for World History, viewed Friday, May 06, 2005 at http//www.allempires.com/2.Islam Online, viewed Friday, May 06, 2005 at http//www.islamonline.net/ position/index.shtml

“Letter From A Birmingham Jail” †Passage Analysis Essay

On Good Friday in 1963, 53 blacks, led by Reverend Martin Luther superpower, Jr., marched into downtown Birmingham, Alabama, to protest the existing segregation laws. All were arrested. This caused the clergymen of this s outherly town to compose a letter appealing to the black nation to stop their demonstrations. In response to their letter, King wrote back in what would be titled Letter From A Birmingham Jail. Especially prevalent in the letter are Aristotles appeals, which include logos, ethos and pathos. The concluding section of the chronicle is a well rounded, and demonstrates all of the appeals. Rhetorical techniques and literary devices serve to save strengthen Kings argument and compose a convincing argument that he is right in both his mission and his methods.King immediately appeals to logos, or logic, when he states, It is true that the law of nature have exercised a degree of discipline in handing the demonstrators. In this sense they have conducted themselves qu ite an nonviolently in pubic. But for what purpose? To preserve the evil dust of segregation. The answer he gives to his question is correct, and this is rase clearer in retrospect. By exposing the logical fallacies of the opposing argument, he weakens the clergymens argument while at the said(prenominal) eon strengthening his own.In erect to back up his point of view and turn himself into an authority for the audience, King uses ethos. Using repeat, he writes, Before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here. Before the pen of Jefferson etched the imperial words of the Declaration of Independence across the pages of history, we were here. Here he identifies himself as part of a group of people who have been in America just as long, and at the same time stresses the retell nature of the problem. His ancestors suffered low wages, injustice, humiliation, and countless atrocities under the rule of the white man.By writing about such landmark events as the landing at Plymouth , or the signing of the Declaration of Independence, King reveals a new time perspective. He uses history, and the pillars set by the founding fathers of the United States as a direction of validating his reputation. We will win our freedom because the sacred hereditary pattern of our nation and the eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands, he writes in anundeniably confident, yet at the same time impatient, tone. In alluding to God he is relating to the clergy people by covering that he is a pious person who is genuinely frustrated.King also uses contrast (when the ideas in the second clause is the opposite of the first) as a rhetorical strategy. This creates a logical argument (an appeal to logos) that simplifies some of his important points. Chiasmus, a more specific kind of contrast, is when the sentence structure itself is contrasting from the first clause to the second. On the topic of the degree of discipline the police used to handle the demonstrators, he writes, I have tried to need clear that it is wrong to use im honorable means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends. The use of logos in this instance goes even further to strengthen his argument because it is inherently true.Perhaps the most frank appeal in Kings letter is the appeal to pathos, or the appeal to emotions. Through personalizing his details, he brings the argument to a basic level in which he challenges the clergymens ideals. I doubt that you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had describen its dogs sinking their teeth into unarmed, nonviolent Negroes, he writes using imagery and graphic details to paint a wretched picture. I doubt that you would so quickly commend the policemen if .you were to observe their flagitious and inhumane treatment of Negroes here in the city jail if you were to stop them push and curse old Negro women and young Neg ro girls if you were to see them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys. By using pronouns he shows the perverting effect that it actually has. The use of children as an shell always helps in the emotional aspect of the argument.King utilizes the device cognise a rhetorical question (a question that has no answer) in order to challenge the emotional integrity of those who oppose him. What can one do when he is alone in a narrow jail cell, another(prenominal) than write long letters, think long thoughts and pray long prayers?. By explaining his own agony and impatience, he is at the same time braggy adescription of the frustration of black people in general, and with the repetition and emphasis of the word long, the duration of the suffering is pounded into the readers head.Letter From A Birmingham Jail is a widely read text, simply at the same time is a great example of study rhetorical elements. Kings masterful citations of famous historical figures create an outstanding appeal to ethos, and build up his authority. His emotional imagery brings out pathos and emotion. His legitimate, logical arguments buffer his argument even more. Through these appeals, and the literary devices used to demonstrate them, one cannot deny that the argument found in Letter From a Birmingham Jail does more than just refute what the clergymen wrote, in that it truly convinces almost every audience.

The Difference between Language and Dialect

Langu eld and Dialect 2007? 2008/01/08 Abstract This paper aims to probe into the study of obstetrical deli really and expression in the field of sociolinguistics. Part 1 is a frequent design to the issues be covered in the paper. Part 2 centers on the analysis of sure criteria that probably could be applied as to offer a verbi sequence from a dialect. Part 3 and Part 4 introduce 2 agnizeed kinds of dialects, namely, regional dialect and complaisant dialect respectively through detailed examples.Part 5 investigates the divers(prenominal) aspects of register which is almost related to the study of address and dialect. Part 6 is the conclusion. Key wrangling grade regional dialect fond dialect register circumscribe 1. Introduction 2. Criteria for protestentiating a vocabulary from a dialect 2. 1 str personal and rough-cut intelligibility 2. 2 Other criteria (including chimes s regular aspects in lectures polariation) 3. Regional dialect 3. 1 Definition and characteristics of regional dialects 3. 2 Reasons for the demeanor of regional dialects . affectionate dialects 4. 1 hearty dialects in relation to age differences 4. 2 Social dialects in relation to sex differences 4. 3 Social dialects in relation to difference of social class membership 5. An introduction to register (field, modality and tenor) 5. 1 The field of hash out 5. 2 The mode of intercourse 5. 3 The tenor of discourse 6. Conclusion 1. Introduction In sociolinguistics, words is considered as an abstract notion that is embodied in the gradation of dialects. Its not wanton-cut to distinguish a mouth lecture from a dialect of a phrase. Mutual intelligibility simplyt againstms to be an ideal criterion in terms of telling a vocabulary from a dialect of a wrangle, however, we squeeze out truely find more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less cases that counter-argue this principle. Hence some other(a) criteria should be applied as supple manpow erts to distinguish amid a address and a dialect, among which, Bells seven principles for discussing distinct dictions be of gravid inspiration. The varieties of dialects ar assortd according to the places in which they atomic number 18 utilise, the incompatible social factors that affect their physical exercises, and functions and modes they have when accommodating different situations in speech discourse. correspondly, sociolinguists differentiate these dialects as regional, social, and functional dialect respectively. This paper give touch upon the discourse of the different varieties of words in relation to the examplers, social factors and environwork forcet. 2. Criteria for differentiating a language from a dialect 2 . 1 Variety and reciprocal intelligibility In order to further the discussion of the difference between a language and a dialect, allows first of entirely center on an distinguished term in the field of sociolinguisticsvariety. Then what is the comment of a variety? R. A.Hudson, a storied linguist, defines a variety of language as a set of linguistic items with similar social distribution (198024). According to this definition, we can battle cry any of the following items varieties of language side, French, Chinese, London side of meat, or the language engagementd by a point person, etc. It testament be seen from this list that the general notion variety includes examples of what would normally be called languages, dialects and registers (a term meaning roughly movement). Now we know that both(prenominal)(prenominal) a language and a dialect of a language atomic number 18 kind of variety.Then why do we call some varieties different languages and others different dialects of the comparable language? Many sociolinguists agree that a dialect is whizz of most problematic terms to give a general definition to. Some proposed that language exists in the exploit of dialect. What, then, is a dialect? What are the criteria for distinguishing between a language and a dialect of a language? Linguists start with the as matingption that all human beings speak their experience idiolects. a equivalent(p) idiolects make up a particular dialect, and similar dialects make up a particular language.This statement in some sense presupposes that all the idiolects of a dialect and all the dialects of a language are inversely intelligible (Wang,199211). However, we can easily find cases to counter-argue this thesis if the principle of uncouth intelligible serve as the only criterion for differentiating a language from a dialect. Take for example, the Scandinavian languages (including Norwegian, Swedish and Danish). Speakers of these three languages can, with little effort, earn and communicate with sensation another. These languages are mutually intelligible.According to the principle of mutual intelligibility, they are different dialects. But the fact is that they are commonly assumed to be diff erent languages. If we turn our attention to China, we will find that verbalizers of Cant cardinalse and Mandarin will tell you that they speak the same language. People language Cantonese and plurality speaking Mandarin are not mutually intelligible at all, that they almost certainly insist that they speak different dialects of the same languageChinese, not different languages, for to the Chinese a overlap writing scheme and a powerful social and cultural tradition form ingrained parts of our definition of language.So for these and other reasons, then, we cannot practise the test of mutual intelligibility to differentiate between dialect and language. The fact is that thither is no genuinely clear distinction between the terms dialect and language. These two concepts are, as a matter of fact, am monolithicuous. The higher up two cases mentioned tell us that different languages are sometimes mutually intelligible and that dialects of the same language are sometimes not mu tually intelligible at all. 2. 2 Other criteria (including Bells seven aspects in language differentiation) So apart from mutual intelligibility, we likewise need other supplementary criteria.Some sociolinguists have some accounts of differentiating a language from a dialect. One of them is based on the existence of a amount language or of a written form shared by a set of speakers. If two or more groups who differ in speech but regard the same form of speech as a standard, or if they share the common written form, they race to be regarded as speaking different dialects sooner than different languages, some(prenominal) degree of mutual intelligibility, like different dialects across China.On the contrary, the Scandinavian languages like Norwegian, Swedish and Danish are considered different languages beca hire they have distinct, systemise, convertible forms, with their own grammar books and literatures, which correspond to three separate nation states. Another account is d o in terms of size and prestige. That means a language is bigger than a dialect, so that a language can contain more dialects. For example, the Chinese language has seven dialects Northern, Wu, Xiang, Gan, Min, Yue, and Kejia dialects.In addition, they besides hypothesise that the term language implies social prestige, for it is written as hearty as spoken, but dialectal varieties are generally not employ in orb writing, olibanum is not comparable with more socially valuable language. A famous linguist Bell (1976147-57) has listed seven criteria that whitethorn be useful in discussing different kinds of languages. According to Bell, these criteria, namely, standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture and de facto norms, may be utilize to distinguish certain languages from others. ) Standardization refers to the process by which a language has been codified in some way. That process usually involves the development of such liaisons as grammars, dic tionaries and possibly a literature, etc. Once a language is standardized it becomes possible to teach it in a deliberate manner. According to these criteria, both English and French are quite obviously standardized, Italian jolly less so, and the variety known as Black English not at all. 2) Vitality, the second of Bells seven criteria, refers to the existence of a upkeep community of speakers.This criterion can be especially used to distinguish languages that are alive from those that are dead(p). For example, Latin is dead in the sense that no one speaks it as native language it exists only in a written form frozen in time, pronounced rather than spoken, and studied rather than used. Yet we should note that a language can re chief(prenominal) a considerable force even after it is dead, that is, even after it is no longer spoken as anyones first language and exists almost exclusively in one or more written forms, knowledge of which is acquired only through formal education.Clas sical Greek and Latin s coin bank have considerable prestige in the Western world, and speakers of many modern languages continue to pose on them in a variety of ways. 3) Historicity refers to the fact that a particular group of people finds a sense of identity through using a particular language it belongs to them. Social, political, religious, or ethnic ties may in like manner be grave for the group, but the bond provided by a common language may prove to be the strongest tie of all. Historicity can be long-standing.For example, the speakers of Chinese, the different varieties of informal Chinese make much of a common linguistic ancestry. 4) self-reliance is an interesting concept because it is really one of feeling. A language must(prenominal) be felt by its speakers to be different from other languages. However, this is a very subjective criterion. For example, some speakers of Black English primary(prenominal)tain that their language is not a variety of English, but is a separate language in its own cover. In contrast, speakers of Cantonese and Mandarin are not free languages but are just two dialects of Chinese. ) Reduction refers to the fact that a particular variety may be regarded as a sub-variety rather than as an independent entity. Sometimes the reduction is in the kinds of opportunities afforded to users of the variety. For example, there may be a reduction of resources, that is, the variety may lack a writing system, etc. 6) Mixture refers to feelings speakers have about the purity of the variety they speak. This criterion appears to be more important to speakers of some languages than of others, e. g. more important to speakers of French and German than to speakers of English. ) De facto norms refers to the feeling that many speakers have that there are both good speakers and poor speakers, and that the good speakers represent the norms of proper usage. If we hire the above criteria to the different variation and change in the world, w e will see that not every variety we may want to call a language has the same status as every other variety. English is a language, but so are Latin, Ukrainian and Chinese. Each satisfies a different sub-set of criteria from the above list. Although there are mportant differences among them, we would be loath to defy that any one of them is a language. They are all equals as languages, but that does not necessarily mean that all languages are equal. 3. Regional dialects 3. 1 Definition and characteristics of regional dialects As we travel throughout a long geographical area in which a language is spoken, and particularly if that language has been spoken in that area for many hundreds of years, we are almost certain to notice differences in pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in syntax.Such distinctive varieties are usually called regional dialects of the language. Regional dialect is named in accordance with their geographical distributions, so that Chinese North ern dialect is associated with the northern areas of China Yue dialect is the main speech variety in Guangdong Province and Xiang dialect is chiefly spoken by the inhabitants living in Hunan, etc. Regional dialects seem to be based on the different geographical locations in which each is the main means of daily communication.In regional dialects, vocabulary and syntax may likewise vary from one another, sometimes causing mutual unintelligibility. For example, Chinese speakers call the word corn differently in different regions, in neon China, people say in Sichuan, its called in Fujian, people say and in South Chinas Guangdong Province, people call it . The use of varied syntactic patterns in regional dialects is confusing as hearty, lets study the following examples In Cantonese In Mandarin , , From the above differences, we can observe that in Mandarin, adverb precedes verb or adjective, while in Cantonese, some adverbs are behind verb or adjective. 3. 2 Reasons fo r the appearance of regional dialects So whatre the reasons for the appearance of regional dialects? Firstly, Geographical barriers like mountain ranges, big rivers or other natural factors usually cause great transferral problems for people living in an out-of-way place. This is especially true of areas where economy is very backward.As a turn up, regional dialects appear when language with its own characteristics develops. Geographical closing off is one of the important factors for language variations within a country as well as across continents. Secondly, sociolinguistics also regards regional dialects as the result of historical changes in society. For example, many centuries ago, British settlers brought their native languageEnglish to North America. After a few centuries, English in the two continents has developed into different regional dialects with their own characteristics in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, etc.The same commentary can also be applicable to the case of Australian English, Indian English, Canadian English. Historical events like immigration and colonization have dispersed English into every corner of the world and split it into many different regional dialects. 4. Social dialects We know that human being are living in stratified social communities, and the way we use language reflects our differences in age, social status, social class, sex and profession, etc. All these become very crucial factors in determining in the relationship between different speech features and speakers social ground (Wardhaugh, 198646) 4. Social dialects in relation to age differences Talking about age differences, we know youth frequently use vernacular words or slang forms and deletion of past filter markered in the sentence like My Dad secure for me yesterday. The tendency to make particular use or deletion of certain linguistic features marks their group membership when they tend not to adjust to the social norms. But when teenagers grow o ld enough to enter the behave force they gradually use more standard forms as theyre required to do so.The variety of childrens language is characterized by informality and lack of variation in bearing and the variety used by young people is most responsible to the changing society and pronounced with vitality and solidarity while in old peoples speech, one can find many old-fashioned linguistic features that are no longer used by the younger generation. 4. 2 Social dialects in relation to sex differences Many sociolinguists have observed that there is tell apart of gender differences in language use.And such gender-related differences can be categorize into two kinds, one is sex-exclusive speech forms used by women or men only the other one is sex-preferential forms which both sexes use but with one sex showing greater preference for them than the other. For the first type we can find an example in Japanese language, there are men-only pronouns I and you for casual speech wh ich women cannot use. For the case of second type, it seems that womens speech carriage tends to be more polite, uncertain, and indirect.For example, female speakers are more likely to use some words like lovely, sweet, adorable, please, its very kind of you, etc. Women usually out-perform men in their choice of correct or standard speech form while men tend to use a more non-standard vernacular style. Women used to be discriminated and regarded as inferior to men, whereas men had been more prestigious, authoritative and dominant in social affaires. However, with the increasing ken of the inequality imposed upon women, some feminists advocate to use neutral terms.As a result, now more and more English-speaking people insist on using words like chairperson, police officer, salesclerk and so on instead of the old and sex-based terms like chairman, policeman and saleman. 4. 3 Social dialects in relation to differences of social class membership The term social class implies different groups of people who can be differentiated in terms of social prestige, wealth, and education, and language users social relationship with other speakers is revealed in the ways they use the language.There are some criteria for social-class identification, like educational background, overlord training, and occupation. The linguistic differences that indicate the social membership of different speakers are also manifest in vocabulary and grammar parts of the language they speak. For example, non-upper-class speakers often use multiple negations like, a young black American may say, We aint had no trouble about none of us drag out no knife. 5. An introduction to register M. A. K.Halliday (197833) generalized the social context of language use in terms of three factors the filed, this includes both professional and non-professional, or technical and non-technical social activities the mode, which refers to the vehicle and channel of communication or the way language is organized to deliver information, for example, written or oral style of speech and tenor, which refers to the relationship between the participants and the intention of the speaker in the exchange of message and meaning with other speakers. 5. The field of discourse words varies not only among people with different socio-economic status, but also among those with different trade and profession. A field or trade usually has its own terms of expression a ready learns to call down doctor, a lawyer learns to emit lawyer, and a priest learns to talk priest. This kind of professional or technical speech or writing is commonly referred to as jargon, it usually occurs among people sharing mutual interests or in-group knowledge which is usually inaccessible to a non-specialist.The jargon is used when the language user wants to convey the information of his special field with exactness and economy to his co-workers. Now with the rapid development and application of modern information and technology, some jargon vocabulary has gradually been introduced into general language and used by people in their everyday life, such as penicillin, fax, network, clone, etc. 5. 2 The mode of discourse Language is either spoken or written. With different channels of transmission, either by sound or by written symbols, the spoken and written styles of language manifest distinctive features respectively.Colloquial style, also called vernacular style, is used in the home, with close friends, between people from the same ethnic group for everyday communication. When people have a face-to-face conversation, their mutual interest or concern in certain topics, and their common background knowledge usually help reduce the load of tax in their exchanging information with other participants in addition, the participants can make use of their pronunciation, intonation, pitch, body gesture etc to convey their ideas. As a result, the colloquial style of language can be succinct and concise without causi ng misunderstanding.In addition, there is a universal application of hesitation fillers such as er, mm, um, or well, you know, sort of, I mean etc. in the colloquial style of language users to help the speaker gain more time to think about what he says or to void the interruption of the flow of speech. compose style is another kind of mode of discourse. Compared with colloquial style, it is typical of formality. And written style can be further divided into styles of science, art, politics and chore respectively. Each of them has developed its own features in the special register of language use.The mode of discourse, to an extent, more or less decides what kind of message, tone, and cohesive thingmajig must be chosen for the communication. It interacts with the field of discourse as well as the relationship between the speaker and the addressee to provide a background or context in which a particular style of language can be most steally used. 5. 3 The tenor of discourse Speake rs usually talk differently to people who have a different background and relationship to them, which is an important factor in determining the appropriate style of speaking in communication.For example, when you telling your friend that you like his refreshful coat, you may say, Hey, cool coat, I like it When telling the same thing to your boss, probably, you may say, You look smart in your new coat right away Actually this is a matter of choosing your variety or code. And this choice of the right style in talking is based on the social outer space between speakers. The expose you know someone or the more known with him or her you are, the more casual and relaxed style you use otherwise you may use a more formal utterance in conveying your ideas.Some typical examples about the tenor of discourse are motherese, teacher talk and foreign talk. Motherese refers to when a mother talks to her little child, it is tenable of her not to talk in the same way as she does to an adult. ordinarily they will make use of some adjustments including special pitch, intonation, dictions, etc which is more refreshing for children. The use of motherese shows that the age of the addressee may affect the speakers style. The type of language style teachers use in language classrooms is called teacher talk.For example, teachers may use simpler utterance with low-level students they use a more standard pronunciation and a more formal intonation. In addition, teachers usually will have a special favor in forethought tutorial questions such as Is the cup on the table? and verification checks such as Understand? The teacher-student relationship largely determines the use of teacher-talk style to make sure the smooth process of formal proceedings in classrooms. irrelevant talk is similar to teacher talk as well as motherese in that all use high oftenness vocabulary, and all adopt shorter sentences with simple grammar.Yet the foreign talk is likely to be influenced by more var iables such as the topic of conversation, the age of the participants, and the language proficiency of the learners. Hence foreign talk is comparatively more energising than the other two in various situations. The choice of appropriate form is influenced by the personal relationship between the participants the higher degree of familiarity between them, the lower formality in language style they use on the contrary, the lower degree of familiarity, the higher formality in style. . Conclusion To sum up, languages and dialects are a crucial part in the area of sociolinguistics, which is in general concerned about the relation between linguistics and society. And the terms language and dialect are kind of ambiguous, thus its hard to draw a definite line between the two. Instead of making an exacting conclusion, its wiser and more recommendable to analyze the issues in question from a more objective point of view. And the paper adheres to this basic principle from the beginning till the end.Finally because the society is changing form time to time, so is the language, its better to leave space for the further discussion and exploration relating to the above topics being covered in this paper. References 1. Bell, R. T. Sociolinguistics Goals, Approaches and Problem. London Batsford, 1976. 2. Coulmas, Florian. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Beijing Foreign Language and Teaching Press, 2001. 3. Halliday, M. A. Language as Social Semiotic. London Arnold, 1978. 4. Hudson, R. A.Sociolinguistics. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1980. 5. Wang Dechun. Yuyanxue Gailun (An introduction to linguistics) yarn-dye Shanghai Foreign Teaching Press, 1997. 6. Wang Dexing. Shehuiyuyanxue Daolun (An introduction to sociolinguistics). Beijing Beijing Foreign Languages Institute Press, 1992. 7. Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1986. 8. Zhu Wanjin. Shehuiyuyanxue Gailun (Sociolinguistics an introduction). Changsha Hunan Education Press, 1992 .

Feasibility Report Guide Essay

Intro Samsung Electronics is based in Seoul, South Korea and operates in 65 countries worldwide with 157,000 people working for the corporation. Samsung Electronics products include semiconductors, hard drives, digital displays, home electronics, smooth phones, and others. All Samsung products lay d admit the same bank bill when the spin is turned on, so that clients can easily get used to them and this tone is mentioned when Samsung products are being advertised as well. Smarter Life theme was inclosed latterly in Samsung that is based on the innovative approach in improving the comp whatevers current products, and introducing new products to the market. For instance, Android-based Samsung Galaxy Player 50 is to be introduced soon, containing a puke of innovative features the product is expected to variegate the current media players market condition significantlySWOT SamsungSamsung Strength as Becoming a world known discoloration (over 200 countries) R&D (investing on s cientific talents) Innovation (new digital technology) Customization (new products every year) new-fashioned allocation of marketing resources (M-Net). Samsung enjoys the widest range of product portfolio which includes Mobile phones Tablet TV/Audio/Video,Camera,camcorder, Home appliance Pcs,Laptop, peripherals, printer, memory cards and head diversified and differentiated product line toother accessories meet changing customer needs .Samsung electronics has 4business areas to cover customer electronics needs. Practice the good attractionshipBrand value through with(predicate) multiple sponsorships High market share that continues to ripeningeory (Mobile Phones and Design with an attractive styling that interestsmemory chip)and liquid crystal display the customer, as the result of the development of Samsungs new products that involve group of product designers. product variation Samsungs Opportunities unique products and existing products introduce userwith variety friendly m obile phones could launch sub brandsat affordable price. to the company. Samsungs Opportunities O open more(prenominal) stores Newmore customers O Launch creative products Technology, in advance(p) Products, and Creative Solutions.WeaknessAver age pr i ces of pr oduct s seem t o bea l ow qual i t y pr oduct s-Not pr o-act i ve intro oduci ng a newpr oduct s. low monetary value competitors in China2. legal war between Samsung and its competitors much(prenominal) as Apple & nokia.ThreadsLow-cost competitors Samsung is facing threats from many other low cost companies in China. While Samsung was busy competing with others, Huawei a company which focus on low cost products is now a leader in fixed-line profits, mobile-telecommunications networks, and budget smart phones. merchandise share- Samsung Mobile eyeing 60% marketshare in India. The Indian mobile handset market is estimated to reach 251 million units in 2013, an increase of 13.5% over this year. The threat of potential new entrants (Low)-New entrants would have issues with overcoming patent issues if they didnt plan on investing in their own R&D to create a unique product. These things together would engage a new entrant to establish a emulous brand name while achieving economies of scale via investments in a supply filament process and developing a distribution infrastructure to re main competitive. The cost of accomplishing these things make a very strong barrier to entry. The threat of substitutes (High)Market share-Holding a revenue market share of 20.6%, Vodafone India is the countrys atomic number 42 braggart(a)st telecom operator by revenue share after Bharti.Strengths* diversify geographical portfolio with strong mobile telecommunications operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia peaceable and to someextent the US * Network infrastructure * Leading front line in emerging markets such as IndiaWeaknesses* Little focus of impact of mobile on climate. * Negative return on assets ( ROA) under realize key competitors like AT&T, Airtel, Uninor etc * US business not just about as strong as European/rest of the world operations * 80% of its business is generated in Europe.Opportunities* Improve accessibility to wide range of customers* Focus on cost reductions improving returns* Majority stake in Hutchison Essar in India* Research and development of new mobile technologiesThreats* Highly competitive market* Still lags behind major competitors in the India and other countries.* exceedingly highPorters five forcesBuyer powerThe talk terms power of purchasers in the telecommunications industry is high delinquent to the cutthroat controversy and lack of differentiated products. The strong buyer power effectively reduces the cost prices in the industry though not to the level of its competitors. As such, Vodafone result keep making reasonable profits compared to its competitors.Supplier powerVodafones suppliers have a high bargaining power since the company ope rates with greater margins compared to its competitors. As a leader in the market, the market share is large meaning that it can easily absorb any price increments from the suppliers more than its competitors can. As such, Vodafone can easily maintain low prices from its suppliers and continue making profits (MarketLine, 2012, p. 9).Threat of substitutesVodafone faces a considerable threat for products and serve. The landline and CDMA serve are spendthrift declining while broadband serve are fast change state common. Video conferencing, VOPI such as Skype, Google Talk and Yahoo Messenger, telecommunicate and friendly networking have emerged as substitutes to mobile services. However, due to the strong buyer power and effective economies of scale, Vodafone does not need to pass down the be attributed to substitution to consumers (MarketLine, 2012, p. 8).Threat of entrantsThe threat of fresh market entrants is low because of barriers to entry. Companies deprivation to enter t he market must pay huge licensing fees coupled by spectrum availability and regulatory issues attached to the industry. Similarly, the costs of setting up network infrastructure are high, and the rapidly changing technology make is knotty for new entrants to cope. However, Vodafone can cope with this by maintaining high-level efficiency of its services to unrivaled heights.Industry rivalryVodafone faces extremely high rivalry from its competitors due to the low call rate prices charged by its closest competitors. Similarly, the competitors constantly provide innovative products and services to the customers, which mean that Vodafone has to provide the same to its customers. Vodafone infestation Analysis. PEST analysis is a strategic tool used to psychoanalyze external factors affecting the business and stands for political, economical social and technological factors. The main political factors affecting Vodafone include EU Roaming Regulation that aims to decrease charges for mob ile phone usages Economical factors also affect Vodafone main of which are the growth of GDP and the level of inflation rate within markets where the company operates. in general any external economic changes affecting Vodafone can be classified as external economic factors.There is a range of social factors as well that affect Vodafone. For instance, changing work patterns that are becoming very popular make people work from home increasingly relying in communication technologies. Also, there are issues like people personnel casualty green and ageing population in developed countries that are release to affect Vodafone directly or indirectly. The impact of technological factors on Vodafone is without any doubt due to the nature of the telecommunications industry. Specifically, a technological innovation in communications and emergence of alternative means of communication such as online chatting, and Yahoo Messenger are going to affect Vodafone strategy in a way that the compan y is left with a choice of each to form strategic alliances with above companies or to commit to considerable arrive of research and development in order to introduce innovative products and services to the market.

A drama by Arthur Miller Essay

The Crucible is a drama by Arthur Miller wrote in the 1950s. It tells the tail of a village in America, Salem. This is overpower with mass hysteria cr icraft trials. In the opening scene of the movie house, lay out 1, the director chooses to go straight to one of the main characters, Abigail. She is the center of the meeting of missys and the scene moves straight to timberland where the girls are dancing. There is spooky symphony playing in the background. They start to chant and partake in the work out of witchcraft.Abigail whispers to Tituba (the servant of Rev. capital of France and we then find out later that she wish John watch to fall in love with her. Abigail picks up the yellow(a) and uses it to put a spell on John. The background is dark and with witchcraft, pitch contour and music all builds up tension very well. In the skipper play you do not see the witch craft near at the beginning. Instead Author Miller chooses to go stright to a newborn girl affected b y the witch craft Betty (the Rev. Paris daughter) who appears to be in a comma.This is due the girls getting cauter while practicing there witch craft. We find out that Rev. Paris saw the girl in the forest dancing, this called them all to freak out and run around like decapitated chickens and it scared Betty so much that she was now in a comma. Paris say my daughter and my niece I discovered dancing like infidel in the forest Abby denies they were doing witchcraft, she says they where just dancing when her uncle, the Rev. Paris, came along and frightened them Betty fainted.In the play Arthur Millers introduction is calm but the film has a spooky, eerie and dramatic feeling. Abby is very dominant over the otherwise girls and has a lot of control over them. She is the main character and one of the oldest so she has the most control over them. She seems to sense the girls weakness and uses this to her advantage by making them copy her when she wants. Tituba become much powerful w ith every one surrounding her listen to her every excogitate of what happened in the forest which make her feel more important and little like a slave.In Act 2 in the stones throw of the play stat to build up as the sentences become small and I found my self read much quicker which seemed to keep me in suspense building tension. We find out that Abbey has an affair with John reminder and that his wife knows about this some thing you would not expect from a Nobel man like John. All this seemed to make Abbey a stronger character which whitethorn seem odd as Abbey started out as an innocent girl having a bit of fun in the forest.bloody shame Warren enters the observes house suddenly. The sight of here make john Proctor furious. It is very dramatic when he grabs her and shakes her and shouts Ill whip you if you do not dare leave this house again. But the tension drops as Mary Warren goes hang-up in his grip and claims to be sick. Proctors anger is draining and Marys staye is emph asized when she give the limp rag doll to Elizabeth Proctor. The tension rises very dramatically when proctor finds the provoke in the rag doll.

Cost Accounting Question Paper

1. Human resource is an example of (an) (Points 2) Unit-level bodily function. Batch-level act. Product-level activity. Organization-sustaining activity. 2. Which of the undermentioned is not a limitation of activity-based approaching? (Points 2) Maintaining an activity-based costing system is to a greater extent costly than maintaining a traditional broadcast labor-based costing system. Changing from a traditional direct labor-based costing system to an activity-based costing system changes carrefour margins and other(a) make out performance indicators used by managers.Such changes argon often resisted by managers. In practice, most managers insist on fully allocating all costs to products, customers, and other costing objects in an activity-based costing system. This results in overstated costs. More right product costs may result in increasing the sell footings of some products. 3. Matt corporation uses activity-based costing. The company has two products A and B. Th e annual production and sales of Product A is 8,000 units and of Product B is 6,000 units.There are three activity cost pools, with total cost and total activity as follows application cost poolTotal costActivity for Product AActivity for Product BTotal Activity Activity 1$20,000100400500 Activity 2$37,0008002001,000 Activity 3$91,2008003,0003,800 The activity-based costing cost per unit of Product A is closest to (Points 4) $2. 40 $3. 90 $10. 59 $6. 60 4. Which of the following activities would be classified as a batch-level activity? (Points 2) Setting up equipment. Designing a new product. Training employees. move a part required for the final product. . The purchasing agent of the Clampett Company ordered materials of lower quality in an effort to economize on bell and in response to the demands of the production manager due to a mistake in production scheduling. The materials were shipped by airfreight at a order higher than that ordinarily charged for shipment by truck, resulting in an unfavourable materials price chance variable. The lower quality material proved to be contrary on the production line and resulted in excessive waste. In this situation, who should be held responsible for the materials price and sum of money variances? Points 2) Materials price variance Purchasing means Materials bar variance Purchasing Agent Materials price variance occupation double-decker Materials quantity variance Production Manager Materials price variance Production Manager Materials quantity variance Purchasing Agent Materials price variance Purchasing Agent Materials quantity variance Production Manager 6. Todco planned to produce 3,000 units of its single product, Teragram, during November. The timeworn specifications for one unit of Teragram overwhelm six pounds of material at $0. 30 per pound. true production in November was 3,100 units of Teragram. The control computed a favorable materials purchase price variance of $380 and an unfavorable m aterials quantity variance of $120. Based on these variances, one could conclude that (Points 2) more materials were purchased than were used. more materials were used than were purchased. the actual cost of materials was less than the standard cost. the actual employ of materials was less than the standard allowed. 7. The materials quantity variance should be computed (Points 2) when materials are purchased. ased upon the get along of materials used in production. based upon the difference between the actual and standard prices per unit times the actual quantity used. only when there is a difference between standard and actual cost per unit for the materials. 8. The following materials standards have been established for a particular product Standard quantity per unit of output = 7. 3 pounds Standard price = $14. 45 per pound The following selective information pertain to operations concerning the product for the utmost(a) month echt materials purchased = 6,600 pounds Actual cost of materials purchased = $91,740Actual materials used in production = 5,900 pounds Actual output = 1,000 units What is the materials quantity variance for the month? (Points 4) $19,460 F $9,730 U $10,115 U $20,230 F 9. The following materials standards have been established for a particular product Standard quantity per unit of output = 4. 6 feet Standard price = $19. 25 per feet The following data pertain to operations concerning the product for the last month Actual materials purchased = 3,200 feet Actual cost of materials purchased = $63,200 Actual materials used in production = 2,900 feetActual output = 800 units What is the materials price variance for the month? (Points 4) $15,405 F $5,775 U $5,925 U $1,600 U 10. The following labor standards have been established for a particular product Standard labor hours per unit of output = 1. 5 hours Standard labor dictate = $17. 55 per hour The following data pertain to operations concerning the product for the last month Actu al hours worked = 5,300 hours Actual total labor cost = $94,340 Actual output = 3,600 units What is the labor rate variance for the month? (Points 4) $1,325 U $1,780 F $430 F $430 U

Toiiiiiiiiiiiwo social psychological theories of aggression

Banduras Social Learning Theory suggests that bends of aggression are learnt finished the observation of role models. His original Bobo Doll study showed that when exposed to self-assertive behavior small children copied this behavior, not just by macrocosm physically offensive but even copying the verbally militant behavior. hitherto this study focuses on children who are supposed to learn in this manner, this doesnt turn out that this would also be true in older children or adults who already puddle a set moral compass that would intercede with copying aggressive behaviors.However Banduras later study showed that if children saw soulfulness dismount punished for aggressive behavior they were less likely to be aggressive themselves when they were allowed to play with the bobo doll but if they saw someone get rewarded for this aggressive behavior then they were much more likely to act aggressively themselves, this shows that vicarious reinforcement is important to the le arning of aggression through and through the social learning theory, as receiving direct positive reinforcement leads to great(p) number having high self efficacy making them very likely to double over the aggressive demeanor that they were rewarded for.In terms of aggression this reward could come in many forms such as acceptance from a violent gang up they want to be a part of or just concern from a parent or teacher. Moreover, Walter and Thomas study in 1963 further support this theory as the results of the study demonstrated that aggressive behavior was a result of imitation of role models. However, the social learning theory does not explain what triggers aggression. Additionally, the study emphasizes nurture and learning through observation ignoring temperament and biological explanations.On the other hand, Zimbardos theory of Deindividuation suggests that aggressive behavior occurs in congregations as a persons normal constraints become gelded when they are part of a group as they take of the identity of the crowd as they feel that when part of a group their possess actions are no longer bad making aggressive deportment easier as they do not seem it as themselves carrying out the aggressive behaviour but the group as a whole as they become faceless, just part of the group not an somebody.Comm scarcely members of violent or aggressive groups have a reduced private self consciousness as they have some kind of tie to the rest of the group that makes them become a faceless member of the crowd, examples of this are common items of habilitate in gangs and at football matches as supporters wear the same garments and are all sat together. Zimbardo formed this theory around his Stanford prison house experiment where when the guards were giving a common uniform they became much more aggressive in their behaviour towards the prisoners as they became guards so felt that as a guard behaviour they would normally not see as acceptable suddenly became th e appropriate response to their own frustrations.However in demarcation line with this the prisoners were all deindividuated but apart from one small failed act of revolution they did not become aggressive, in fact they became more obedient and passive, this suggests the Deindividuation of an individual as part of a group only leads to aggressive behaviour if aggression is what is expected of the group such as violence being the expected behaviour from teenage gangs.Like Banduras Social Learning Theory, this doesnt explain what causes aggression but this does suggest that in some causes individuals themselves do not feel any kind of cue for the aggression they demonstrate but act in that way because the rest of the group does explaining how large scale acts of aggression can commonly occur as it could only require a small number of people to actually have a cue such as frustration to trigger the aggressive behaviour.

Organizational Behaviorâ€A Definition Essay

Stephen P. Robbins states in the organizational way 9/e textbook that Organizational air is a compass of learning, because many muckle in the organizational field spend fourth dimension examining the behavior of people (p.1) . I learned in my anterior Organizational Behavior class in undergraduate school, that Organizational Behavior is a fractional field of study because of the various disciplines that it encompasses. thither atomic number 18 disciplines such as Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and Economics, along with applied fields of study such as Industrial Psychology, Political Science, Labor Relations, Human imagination Management, and Organizational Development. For this reason, it is an Applied Science. Organizations themselves atomic number 18 ever changing, as are the people in them. The organizations adapt to change better than the people do. People are resistant to change, and are comfortable with what they hold up from past behaviors. Robbins states tha t, three study aspects of behavior are focused on when examining the behavior of people in work compasss. The three aspects are individuals, groups, and structures (p.1). When examining individuals, there are three topics that are researched.These are how personality, attitudes, and motivation affect work (p.1). There is a constituent of attention being paid to the behavior of employees of groups, because of the evolution of team institution over the last few years. Robbins states that people work under a certain structure (p. 1). This is where socialization and the organizational culture affect employees. socializing is where an employee joins an organization, and forms expectations about what the organization will do for them, plus what they will do for the organization. The organizational culture is developed over time, and is a pattern of divided values and beliefs. There should be a fit between culture, people, tasks, strategy, and structure. This is wherefore the resea rch on Organizational Behavior is more of a domineering study than unless relying on intuition alone (p. 1). It is believed that Organizational Behavior and Organizational Culture are tied together, and when the two are combined, the outcomes whitethorn affect performance. The best example that I realize of Organizational Behavior, Culture, and acculturation being tied together in a work setting is when I worked for the Nutrition and Food Service (N&FS) Department a some(prenominal) years ago.The employees in the medical center kitchen were bonded together bytime in job. Most of the staff had been working together for years. They were not unfastened to new employees, and I always loved to work. There were two or three clicks or groups. I was lucky and ended up with the faithful employees that liked to work. There was one group that were WG-3s and they thought that they were high overflowing in the organization that they did not gain to do anything. I would do on the whole of my work, and two other ladies, Carol, and Geraldine, would all get together and mop stock rooms and walk-in coolers. I had been told to slow down, because I was make the older people determine bad to the supervisor. I told them that they were making themselves look bad. When I got a full-time job above some of the part-timers that had been there for years, I was black-balled.I had to tell my husband (married at the time) that they may announce and tell him that I was having an affair (their favorite thing to do), and that he just had to ignore them. The old VA culture was one that employees could stand around and do nothing, while a few employees did everything. After a few employees of that wait on got fired, they learned that it was a right to work agreement and most have started to pick up the pace in recent years. Since I have been out of that job, I see the employees at break, and realize how much all have in common. I am in a terrific position at this time. I have jus t learned that I was qualified for a job as a Supervisor in N&FS and am going to be scheduled for an interview. Since I know their past behaviors, I bet some of them are really hoping that I do not get the job, and the ones that told me to slow down, I bet they are really hoping that I do not get the job.Referenceshttp// lymph nodeguestwebct.prenhall.com/SCRIPT/Behavior/scripts/student/serve_page?920055142+Chapter1/notes3.htm. Robbins, Stephen P., 2002. Accessed from the Internet on March 5, 2002.Notes from prior Organizational Behavior lecture class from East Tennessee State University, 2000.

Intellectual Property Right Essay

1. Do you think that the multinational business community is being too lax well-nigh the misuse of expert berth right? Are world(prenominal) companies simply horror-stricken to speak out for apprehension of jeopardizing access to attractive markets?In our opinion, the international business community is not being too lax about the abuse of intellectual prudishty right. It is because there is a great inducing to abuse intellectual property rights since it provided legal right to the inventor of the product. Those countries argon not neglecting the anti-piracy regulations and any other legal rules related to intellectual property rights but they cannot control the increase of production and distribution of counterfeit products that spreadhead widely especially in Asian nations. Because of that, local governments of those countries are having bar to handle and manage the actual infringement perspectives.Actually, it is hard for a boorish that lax antipiracy rules to fight a gainst the piracy cases since it can damage the business transaction with others. We do not think that they afraid to speak out for fear of jeopardizing access to attractive markets but it is due the fact that sufficient safeguards and proper actions for piracy have not been taken so far and slightly areas of law need to be reinforced. Based on many cases regarding piracy, intellectual property laws and regulations are fine but poor enforcement is to blame for gamy rates of piracy and some nations regulatory ashes allow a counterfeiter to remove an infringing trademark and still betray the substandard goods. This proves that some countries take it lightly as they find the situation is common and they have no advantage to against it.

The Lamp at Noon

In the short reputation the lamp at noon Sinclair Ross is stressful to develop that idea that sometimes in action individuals are often driven mad by their geographical closing off. A young couples dreams of bliss after are torn apart by the horrendous elements of character and by lack of communication to cope with the changing condition. First of all(prenominal) the author Sinclair Ross uses to convey the idea of isolation is through the horrendous background. The setting was described in a in truth detail manner creating imagination that helps focus of how isolated the couples felt.The author develops the setting by utilise personification, for drillDemented wind fled kneeling past the house a skirt through the eaves that died every minute or two. This statement is tending(p) the lector the image of the setting, a dark, dreary, somewhat ugly, and depressing scene. The change in go reflects how the characters are perception. Paul and Ellen both feel upset, depressed, and dark in particular about(predicate) their relationship too. As the story progress, the change in weather effects the character moods a little more directly.The setting in this short story is critical element in the story, without it, the plot would be kind of dull, because it gives the reader an idea of the time and place in the storys plot ,which help the reader focus of how isolated the characters feels. import way that the author help defined the character is by using characterization. Sinclair used outstanding description for the two main characters. This is because they could both interest fairly, easily, and realistically. Ellens strong feeling which revolve around the idea of a better, healthier and even a little more rewarding life are nicely depicted.The reality of her entrusts, however, is that the things she wants and needs intimately are unattainable, which links to how isolated she feels. Ellen feels if she doesnt acquire these glamorous items, she gets depres sed. Ellen retributive sits and waits for a better opportunity, and her husband to come safe and sound to relieve her with love and affection as shown in this quoteplease delay I m so caged if I could only break out-of-door and run. See I stand like this all day. I tummyt relax. My throat so tight it aches.From this quote, you can already itemise how the characters feel and how Ellen way of describing the way she feels portrayed an accustomed to the finer things in life, but also that she needs love and care from her husband to counterchange that need. Now Paul on the other side, a rugged, strong, reserve granger is a touch stronger and make more persistent for success compared to Ellen. He struggles to keep his land and livestock alive and booming. He was quite refractory in staying and trying, and waiting for the land to get better, as well as lots of rain to feed them.There was a constant motion of his feeling for rain and better crops the following year. Well have crop s again nigh crops. The land will come back, its worth waiting for. The pride Paul has for his land, the hope he keeps for progression of his land success, and the strength, physical and horny he has is great example. Since he is the only one who feels this way surrounded by himself and Ellen, he is isolated, as well. Characters, their feeling and actions described a full of life role in the contribution towards how they feel about the land.They both respectively isolated themselves, as well as isolated together from confederacy because of the phenomena thats happening. Last, but non least the author uses symbolism. This is meaningful it imbue out through the story. The author uses one symbol the help the reader realized how import it truly is. The author uses the lamp, the fact that it is lit at noon shows that it is constantly dark, and foggy from all the storm, which symbolizes hope and corporate trust the couple has for each other, for a better life, and for their child . The lamp is a very important element in story.Ellen also points out the lamps role desert. The lamp lit at noon this quote shows the lingering thread of hope and faith left among the two, away to deal with isolation. Ellens sign of fear shows the failing and defeat which slowly bottles up and explodes in anger later on leaving the house and taking the baby knowing that the bay would not survived. In conclusion, the author ways how not be act with isolation setting beside you, and has done a good job of it. This was created by the characters mood and symbolism that help contribute the way the couple felt about been isolated.

Health Promotion Essay

The population wellness Organization delineated wellness as a realm of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of distemper or infirmity (WHO, 1946). Scientists define wellness advancement as the line of merchandise of action taken to facilitate people to have power over and to enhance their health generally. To carry on and augment wellbeing nearly practices such as restraining from dope, exercising at least three times a week to sustain fitness, reducing contact to radiation and virulent components, eating adequate amount of nutrients and minerals seem subjective. In nursing practice, health progression exists through education to facilitate inhabitants to create pickaxes to keep them in good physical forge. According to the American Journal of Health, Health forward motion is the science and the art of c being people change their lifestyles to move toward an optimal health. Other factors that can encourage reaching out the p urpose of health promotion are nursing roles and responsibilities, implementation methods that covers all areas of nursing, and the levels of health support. The land Health Organization (WHO) created a movement named Healthy people 2010 to energize all Americans cognizant of a variety of ways to prevent infirmitys and meliorate their health.The association placed nurses in the forefront by giving them the acquit of the action due to the fact of their constant contact with individuals, families, and communities because they can help them collect the right decision to promote health (WHO, 2000.) In addition, they educate skills through evidence-based practice in critical moments of life to implement essential interventions through education after assessing, using a diagnosis, developing a plan the fretfulness of patients a thorough evaluation of chosen activities forever and a day follows to assure a contented turning point. Nurses assist to promote health by helping groups of people in different settings to cultivate tidy lifestyle. The demonstrate of Medicine has a new research that clarifies responsibilities by stating the chief(prenominal) role nurses play to implement and evaluate actions to promote health in the population.As advocate for the sick, the nurse-client interrelationship should take place for health promotion in order to teach people good habits in the choice of adequate diet to avoid obesity, to stop polluting the environment by quitting smoking for instance and access to clean water seem indispensable moreover, inhabitants essential not permit damaging social conditions that wipe out health to continue as they convey unhealthy states (Sullivan, 2000). Health promotion movements are meant to guard and advance health, and to avoid illness. These activities are grouped into three consequent levels. The foremost and initial level of health promotion legal profession is think to stop diseases from starting or a detriment from hap pening. Diseases or trauma to prevent include immunization, household hazards, abstinence from smoking, measures that decrease the risk for stroke, educating and centering regarding the use of vehicle passenger restraints and bicycle hat.The primary prevention averts the reference of an aimed condition. It targets the greatest number of people in a community who competency become at risk for a specific health plight like asthma which happened to be one of the most frequent respiratory diseases in modern countries. Furthermore, the secondary avoidance measures are those that spot and care for asymptomatic people at risk but in whom the readying is not clinically obvious. Activities of secondary escaping involve early case findings of disease without any sign that occurs and has major risk for harmful result goop of cure. Screening tests to detect hyperlipidemia, hypertension, breast and prostate cancer are feigning of secondary prevention actions. Lastly, when the disease has already started its course of action, tertiary prevention care is given to patient, attempts are made to re-establish highest function and stop sickness-related complications.Health is a store for everyday life that includes physical, mental, social comfort consequently, health promotion activities will empower individuals and communities to raise their take for over decisions that impact their health. With the possession of interpersonal skills, nurses contribute to encourage patients through teaching to make constructive changes that will keep them in good physical shape throughout life. The three levels of health promotion are supported through education. Within their scope of practice, nurses can allow individuals and communities to gain greater control over the determinants of their wellbeing to achieve the purpose of Health promotion. .ReferencesEdelman, C., & Mandle, C. L. (2010). Health promotion throughout the life spans (7th ed.). St. Louis Mosby.Eisenberg & Neighbors, ( 2007). National Research Council and Institute of Medicine NAS-IOM, (2009). A national study by Kessler et al. (2005) According to a report from Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council (IOM and NAS) National Prevention, Health Pro Nola J. Pender, Carolyn L. Murdaugh, and bloody shame Ann Parsons. Motion, and Public Health Council. (2011). Annual status report Internet. Washington (DC) The Council 2011 Jun 30 cited 2011 Sep 30. Available from http//www.healthcare.gov/ prevention/nphpphc/2011-annualstatus- report-nphpphc.pdf Nola J. Pender, Carolyn L. Murdaugh, & Mary Ann Parsons. (2006). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (5th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education INC

“Death of Socrates” by Jacques-Louis David Essay

Behind either great piece of cheatwork lies a story. Each story told by art is defined by the era in which it was created. For one to authentically comprehend what pass an artwork conveys, one must be known with the historical context from which it was taken. One great example would be cobblers last of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David. The meaning of the depiction piece of ass only be derived from an sympathy of the 18th century, an era where the Enlightenment occurred and Neoclassicism flourished. The painting end of Socrates was created during the 18th century. scorn this, the artwork envisioned personalities from antiquated philosophy.One would be prompted to ask, Why did the mechanic choose to paint figures from antiquity in an 18th century art piece? The answer lies in the historical period in which the artist was included. In 18th century, Europe was immersed in an era known as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment. During this time, curtilage prevailed in all aspects of hu parte life. The dominance of reason altered the political and social landscape, as mountain began to challenge traditional institutions and beliefs. The Enlightenment was very influential in France, which is wherefore it is no surprise that Jacques-Louis David had applied Enlightenment i proceeds in his paintings.It must be noted that the late 18th century was in addition known for the re-create interest in classical antiquity (Gardner, Kleiner and Mamiya 646). The revival of Greek and roman culture was most appargonnt in Neoclassicism, a movement which borrowed the prefatory elements of classical art. Neoclassicism became apparent(a) in architecture, painting and sculpture all these disciplines incorporate the styles and themes of the ancient world. David was fortune of the Neoclassicist movement and became one of its most spectacular painters. This was the reason he chose Socrates as his subject.Hence, Davids style and technique as an artist was shaped by the Enl ightenment and Neoclassicism. The painting describes the last moments of Socrates (Jacques-Louis David). The philosopher is put up properly on a bed in the middle of the painting, surrounded by his companions. His left hand points in an upward direction, which is an indication of the ancient Greek belief in the transmigration of souls. According to this belief, the soul lives forever. This is the reason why Socrates is seemingly unconcerned with his impending demise and had freely accepted his fate. Meanwhile, his justly hand reaches for the hemlock.The hemlock was placed in the middle because conclusion is the rudimentary theme of the painting. One would wonder why David chose to depict Socrates with the physique of a young man when the philosopher was in his 70s. It must be noted that Death of Socrates is a Neoclassical piece, which means that David followed the style of ancient Greek art. superannuated Greek art is known for its ideal, perfect depiction of human beings. Com pared to Socrates, the hatful who surrounded Socrates display a completely different attitude. The companions of Socrates are depicted as figures overwhelmed with anguish due to the philosophers impending death.The spate on the right side of the painting are obviously distressed by death. They are depicted as excessively emotional, which rendered them remarkably distinct from Socrates. that three figures in the painting seemed more(prenominal) in control of their emotions. The wife of Socrates, who is found in the left side of the painting, is leaving the prison with an achromatic facial expression. Crito is seated on a stool on the stand of Socrates bed, with his head down. Meanwhile, Plato has a firm grip on the leg of Socrates. much(prenominal) action implies that Plato did not want his master to extradite to death.In this painting, the philosophers attitude and charge of thinking becomes apparent due to the different reactions towards death as shown by the figures. Wh ile others mourn his last living moments, Socrates pre coiffe indifferent and unaffected. He accepts his death while keeping his beliefs intact. The philosopher has a more accepting perspective of death instead of fearing death, he embraces it. David meant for the painting to be a reaction towards the political situation of France during that time. As a part of the cut Enlightenment, he and his friends demanded change in the leadership of the monarchy.The painting was make prior to the french Revolution and the painter treasured his work to serve as an inspiration to those who would be involved. He sought to tell the French people some their duty to the nation. He wanted to convey the message that they must sacrifice for the good of the people and fight against unfair leadership. This was the reason why he chose Socrates as his subject. The Enlightenment called for freedom of thought. The era was some the transformation of society towards the truth. Socrates was a man who lay outed freedom of thought.However, he was killed by the Athenian government who wanted to diminish the doubt that his beliefs aroused. The death of Socrates was the death of truth. Through the painting, David criticized the French monarchy for suppressing the truth. Like Socrates who chose to defy the government and stay real to his beliefs, David wanted the French people to fight against unjust leadership and defend freedom of thought. The play of light and shabbinessness in Death of Socrates helped eccentric the message David wanted to express. For instance, the brightest part of the painting is in the middle, where Socrates was situated.Meanwhile, the darkest areas of the painting are on the sides. In the left side, there is the dark hallway as well as the staircase through which the wife of Socrates leaves the scene. The upper right hand side of the painting, the area which is found above the mourning people, is also rather dark. There is a reason behind such dispersion in t he painting. David envisioned Socrates to be a role model the latter(prenominal) proved to be formidable figure that was not swayed by the advance of death. He was a man who willingly gave up his life and refuses to turn away his ideals. This was the reason why the light was fixed upon him.Those who are situated the dark areas are the people David wanted to change. The darkness touches upon the weeping companions of Socrates, those people who surrender to grief when confronted with death. The wife of Socrates is depicted as fleeing from the scene, as if she cannot bear to deal with the philosophers demise. David wanted virtue and sacrifice from the people who are confronted with a revolution and those in the dark areas in the painting represent those who lack these notions. The movement of the figures is also instrumental in demonstrating the meaning of the painting.The viewer can clearly see the contrast between the stance of the philosopher and the stance of the people around h im. On one hand, Socrates is in a straight sit down position the painting makes him appear full of life and energy. It is also evident that he possesses self-control at that moment. On the other hand, the figures who surround him bump lifeless body language. The philosophers companions are shown to be stooping, with their heads dropped. The posture of the figures unsocial highlights the difference between Socrates and his companions.The difference in posture contributes to the meaning of the painting because it asserts the position of Socrates as the one to emulate in the time of the French Revolution. David wanted the French people to be like Socrates, a man who stood by what he believed in and was not afraid of the consequences. All artworks squander a story to share. The story behind an artwork can be best understood when one is familiar with the historical era from which it was made. In the case of Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David, one must know about the Enlightenme nt and Neoclassicism in the 18th century to know what the artist wanted to convey.David was an artist who was strongly influenced by the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, so the only way to truly understand his work is to look through history.Works Cited Gardner, Helen, Fred S. Kleiner and Christin J. Mamiya. Gardners Art Through the Ages The Western Perspective. Florence, Kentucky Cengage Learning, 2005. Jacques-Louis David The Death of Socrates. Boston College Web Site. 27 Nov. 2006. 31 March 2009 .