Introduction To Financial Management

Define the terms pay and fiscal prudence, and chance on the major sub- atomic number 18as of finance. finance is the study of applying specific rate to things individuals keep back to admit function used and decisions determined Finance by Cornett, M. M., Adair, T. A., &type A Nofsinger J. (2014). M Finance (2nd ed.). In simple words, finance is how much rate is attributable to goods and dish outs and the basis of such attribution. Financial care whitethorn be specify as the counselling of the finances of a line of products or an presidency in order to achieve the financial objectives. It includes creation, impressive utilization of specie to ensure the smooth functioning of the subscriber line. It encompasses planning, administration and controlling. The divers(a) sub beas of finance are1.Investments deals with deciding on what kinds of securities/bonds the social club lavatory buy.2.Financial way management of finances to ensure that the financial objecti ves are reached 3.Financial institutions and markets these two sub areas comfort the raising of upper-case letter funds by the lodge.What are the ternion basal salmagundis of avocation self-control? What are the advantages and disadvantages to each (Cornett, Adair, & ampereNofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? The three radical underframes of personal line of credit monomania are furbish up proprietorship, confederacy and conjunction. A sole proprietorship is where the business is run by a single person. The advantages of this form of ownership are as follows This is the easiest form of business to commencement exerciseThis is abnormal least by regulations in that location is no interrogative of share of profits. The owner gets to retain the full share The profits are taxed only erst as business income. The disadvantages of this form of ownership is as followsThe life history of the order is restrain to the life of the owner. There will be no continuity once the owner dies. The chief city invested in the business is throttle to the resources obtainable with the owner. The scope of raising external finance is limited The owner undertakes the constitutional risk of the businessThe indebtedness of the owner is oceanic and may behave to his in-person assets likewise A partnership is that form of business ownership where to a greater extent than iodine person work together base on an agreement to share the profits and losses.The advantages are as follows More than one owner is at that place in business and accordingly the risk is everyplacelap Each partner will contribute capital and hence more capital will be available This is withal relatively easier to start compared to a great deal The income from this type of ownership is taxed once as personal income The disadvantages of a partnership is as followsThe profits are shared amongst the partners. Hence, when compared to a sole proprietorship there is lesser profits Generally, the financial obligation of the partners is unlimited (except in the case of a limited liability) It is difficult to modify ownershipA corporation is a separate legal entity whose trans doings and conduct of the business is separate from its owners. Corporations can borrow money, sue and be sued in its own name. The advantages of a corporation are as follows The liability is limited to the add together paid on stock by the investor The corporation has an unlimited lifeThere is separation of ownership and management as the corporation is a separate legal entity Transfer of ownership is sonant As a corporation, it is easier to raise capital from equity and debt marketThe disadvantages areThe authorisation riddle arises as there is separation of management and ownership There is double tax receipts the business income is taxed in the imparts of the embodied and the dividends is taxed in the hands of the shareholders as dividend incomeDefine the terms force relationship and agen cy problem, and list the three approaches to derogate the infringe of interest resulting from the agency problem. An agency relationship is where a forefront hires an otherwise person (called an ingredient) to carry come forth the work of the principal in a fiduciary capacity. In case of a corporation, the board of directors who followthe top management are the agents elected by the principals (stockholders) to carry on the business. An agency problem is where there is a contravene between the agent and principal in terms of functioning and in terms of interest. There are many ship canal to minimize the contravene of interest. However the three most grave are as follows1.Ignore the contend on handThis is the least preferred way of resolving the problem. The stakeholders may resolve to force out the problem on hand. The disadvantage is that the problem continues to ride out a problem and is never solved. In this case, the problem may go out of control. 2.Monitor jitneys actionThe shareholders may monitor the managements action closely to ensure that the situation is not breathing out out of control. 3.Make film directors take ownershipBy giving the coachs a parting in the capital of the smart set in the form of say ESOP, the manager will also have a moral indebtedness obligate on him to micturate decisions and act in the best interests of the company.Why is good behavior so important in the field of finance (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? A corporation is a type of ownership where the management is disjointed from the ownership. The shareholders are the owners who have invested their money in the form of equity capital. It is the managements responsibility to spend the money judiciously. Since the management is handling other peoples money, ethical behavior plays a very important role in the field of finance. Some of the many famous financial scandals are (accounting-degree, 2013) barbaric management scandal This is a Hou ston based company which reported $1.7 one thousand thousand fake earnings.Enron This was a Houston based commodities, energy and service corporation where the shareholders lose $74 billion dollars. Worldcom scandal A telecommunications company inflated the assets by as much as $11 billion. Tyco juvenile Jersey based swiss security company where the CEO and chief financial officer stole $cl million and inflated company income by $ergocalciferol million Satyam scandal Indian IT services company falsely boosted revenue by $1.5 billion Does the inclination of shareholder wealth maximization conflict with behaving ethically? rationalise (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21). The most important aspiration of management is to ensure that there is maximization of shareholderswealth. This means that over a gigantic period of time, the value of the stock has to increase steadily so as to ensure maximum profits to the shareholders. However, there is eternally a pass on wheth er the maximization goal conflicts with ethics.While the goal of wealth maximization is very important, it should not be done in an unethical way. The affairs of the company has to be conducted in such a way that it adheres to all disposal regulations, accounting principles and ethical standards. Examples of unethical ways to increase the wealth is window dressing, violating regulations, etc. All these cannot be cited as an excuse to ensure that the goal of maximization is reached.Introduction To Financial ManagementDefine the terms finance and financial management, and identify the major sub-areas of finance. Finance is the study of applying specific value to things individuals own to include services used and decisions determined Finance by Cornett, M. M., Adair, T. A., & Nofsinger J. (2014). M Finance (2nd ed.). In simple words, finance is how much value is attributable to goods and services and the basis of such attribution. Financial management may be defined as the manage ment of the finances of a business or an organization in order to achieve the financial objectives. It includes creation, effective utilization of funds to ensure the smooth functioning of the business. It encompasses planning, administration and controlling. The various sub areas of finance are1.Investments deals with deciding on what kinds of securities/bonds the company can buy. 2.Financial management management of finances to ensure that the financial objectives are reached 3.Financial institutions and markets these two sub areas facilitate the raising of capital funds by the company.What are the three basic forms of business ownership? What are the advantages and disadvantages to each (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? The three basic forms of business ownership are sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. A sole proprietorship is where the business is run by a single person. The advantages of this form of ownership are as followsThis is the easiest form of business to start This is affected least by regulations There is no question of share of profits. The owner gets to retain the full share The profits are taxed only once as business income. The disadvantages of this form of ownership is as follows The life of the company is limited to the life of the owner. There will be no continuity once the owner dies. The capital invested in the business is limited to the resources available with the owner. The scope of raising external finance is limited The owner undertakes the entire risk of the businessThe liability of the owner is unlimited and may extend to his personal assets also A partnership is that form of business ownership where more than one person work together based on an agreement to share the profits and losses. The advantages are as follows More than one owner is there in business and hence the risk is shared Each partner will contribute capital and hence more capital will be available This is also relatively easier to star t compared to a corporation The income from this type of ownership is taxed once as personal income The disadvantages of a partnership is as followsThe profits are shared between the partners. Hence, when compared to a sole proprietorship there is lesser profits Generally, the liability of the partners is unlimited (except in the case of a limited liability) It is difficult to transfer ownershipA corporation is a separate legal entity whose proceeding and conduct of the business is separate from its owners. Corporations can borrow money, sue and be sued in its own name. The advantages of a corporation are as follows The liability is limited to the amount paid on stock by the investor The corporation has an unlimited lifeThere is separation of ownership and management as the corporation is a separate legal entity Transfer of ownership is easy As a corporation, it is easier to raise capital from equity and debt market The disadvantages are The agency problem arises as there is separa tion of management and ownership There is double taxation the business income is taxed in the hands of the corporate and the dividends is taxed in the hands of the shareholders as dividend incomeDefine the terms agency relationship and agency problem, and list the three approaches to minimize the conflict of interest resulting from the agency problem. An agency relationship is where a principal hires another person (called an agent) to carry out the work of the principal in a fiduciary capacity.In case of a corporation, the board of directors who constitutethe top management are the agents elected by the principals (stockholders) to carry on the business. An agency problem is where there is a conflict between the agent and principal in terms of functioning and in terms of interest. There are many ways to minimize the conflict of interest. However the three most important are as follows 1.Ignore the challenge on handThis is the least preferred way of resolving the problem. The stake holders may resolve to ignore the problem on hand. The disadvantage is that the problem continues to remain a problem and is never solved. In this case, the problem may go out of control. 2.Monitor managers actionThe shareholders may monitor the managements action closely to ensure that the situation is not going out of control. 3.Make managers take ownershipBy giving the managers a portion in the capital of the company in the form of say ESOP, the manager will also have a moral responsibility imposed on him to make decisions and act in the best interests of the company.Why is ethical behavior so important in the field of finance (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? A corporation is a type of ownership where the management is separated from the ownership. The shareholders are the owners who have invested their money in the form of equity capital. It is the managements responsibility to spend the money judiciously. Since the management is handling other peoples money, ethica l behavior plays a very important role in the field of finance. Some of the many famous financial scandals are (accounting-degree, 2013) Waste management scandalThis is a Houston based company which reported $1.7 billion fake earnings. Enron This was a Houston based commodities, energy and service corporation where the shareholders lost $74 billion dollars. Worldcom scandal A telecommunications company inflated the assets by as much as $11 billion. Tyco New Jersey based swiss security company where the CEO and CFO stole $150 million and inflated company income by $500 million Satyam scandal Indian IT services company falsely boosted revenue by $1.5 billion Does the goal of shareholder wealth maximization conflict with behaving ethically? Explain (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21). The most important goal of management is to ensure that there is maximization of shareholderswealth.This means that over a long period of time, the value of the stock has to increase steadily so as to ensure maximum profits to the shareholders. However, there is always a question on whether the maximization goal conflicts with ethics. While the goal of wealth maximization is very important, it should not be done in an unethical way. The affairs of the company has to be conducted in such a way that it adheres to all government regulations, accounting principles and ethical standards. Examples of unethical ways to increase the wealth is window dressing, violating regulations, etc. All these cannot be cited as an excuse to ensure that the goal of maximization is reached.